Alo Yeditepe
The liver is a large organ, weighing approximately 1.5 kilograms, located in the upper right quadrant of the body, just below the diaphragm and next to the stomach and gallbladder. It consists of two main lobes, right and left, and is one of the most complex metabolic centers in the human body.
This organ, vital for life, undertakes:
The liver is the only organ capable of performing so many functions simultaneously, and its most remarkable feature is its ability to regenerate. Even if a significant portion of a healthy individual's liver is removed, it can regrow and reach its original volume in a short time. This feature makes it possible to safely obtain tissue from living donors in liver transplants.
However, in some cases, the liver cells are permanently damaged, and the organ becomes unable to perform its functions. This condition, called liver failure, is a serious health problem that threatens life. In advanced-stage liver failure, the only permanent treatment option is a liver transplant (transplantation).
In this procedure, healthy liver tissue taken from a living donor or a cadaver is transplanted into the patient, allowing all vital liver functions to be regained. After a successful transplant, the patient can regain a healthy life. However, a liver transplant requires an extremely delicate and multidisciplinary process; therefore, it is vital that it is performed only by experienced transplantation teams and in well-equipped centers.
A liver transplant is the procedure of replacing a diseased liver that cannot perform its functions with healthy liver tissue obtained from a living donor or a cadaver. This operation is the only permanent treatment method for patients who have developed liver failure; sustaining life is not possible without a transplant.
The transplantation process is a multidisciplinary effort that includes, in addition to the surgical operation, the evaluation of donor and recipient compatibility, pre-operative preparation, and post-operative follow-up stages. Therefore, the procedure should only be performed in healthcare institutions with fully equipped and experienced teams, such as a Liver Transplant Center or an Organ Transplant Center.
A liver transplant is applied in cases of acute (sudden onset) and chronic (long-term progressive) liver failure to restore the organ's function.
Acute liver failure is a condition that develops in a short time and can progress rapidly. Its most common causes include:
• Mushroom poisoning (especially mushrooms containing amatoxin)
• Toxic side effects of certain drugs (paracetamol, antibiotics, etc.)
• Viral infections (e.g., hepatitis viruses)
• Toxic substance or chemical poisonings
This type of failure threatens the patient's life in a short time and may require an emergency liver transplant.
Chronic liver failure, on the other hand, develops over months or years. Its most common causes are:
• Cirrhosis,
• Hepatitis B and C infections,
• Bile duct diseases,
• Excessive alcohol use,
• Genetic and metabolic diseases (e.g., Wilson's disease or hemochromatosis),
• Some nutritional disorders.
In these conditions, the liver's capacity to regenerate is exhausted, and the organ completely loses its function. In this case, the only treatment option for the patient to survive is a liver transplant.
The transplant is performed only on patients who undergo comprehensive medical evaluations and whose general health condition is suitable for surgery. Each patient is evaluated in detail by the expert team within the Liver Transplant Center, and the most appropriate treatment plan is created.
Acute liver failure is an emergency clinical condition in which an individual with no previously known liver disease loses liver functions suddenly, within days or weeks. As a result of the cessation of liver functions in a short time, toxic substances accumulate in the body, the clotting mechanism is disrupted, and serious complications progressing to loss of consciousness can develop.
This condition is a life-threatening process and can result in death if an emergency liver transplant is not performed.
The most common causes of acute liver failure are:
• Viral hepatitis (especially severe forms of Hepatitis A and B)
• Drug toxicity (paracetamol, some painkillers, antibiotics, etc.)
• Mushroom poisonings (especially mushrooms containing amatoxin)
• Autoimmune hepatitis (the immune system attacking the liver)
• Genetic and metabolic disorders (e.g., Wilson's disease, fatty acid oxidation disorders)
• Unknown viral infections
• Toxic substance and chemical poisonings
Cases of acute liver failure progress rapidly, potentially requiring transplant planning within hours or a few days, and should be managed in equipped and experienced units like the Liver Transplant Center.
Symptoms of acute liver failure appear in a short time and can rapidly worsen. These symptoms are related to the liver's inability to clear toxins and its loss of clotting functions.
The most common symptoms:
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite
• Abdominal pain, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), and edema (swelling) in the legs
• Fatigue, weakness, feeling of feebleness
• Easy bruising on the skin, excessive bleeding from small wounds, nose and gum bleeds
• Dark-colored urine, gray or light-colored stool
• Dizziness, slowed perception, drowsiness, hand tremors, confusion, or coma (hepatic encephalopathy)
• Insomnia or feeling of restlessness
• Kidney dysfunction and low blood count (in advanced cases)
When these symptoms are observed, it is vital to consult an Organ Transplant Center without delay.
Chronic liver failure is a condition where the liver irreversibly loses its function as a result of long-term damage. It usually develops on the basis of cirrhosis and progresses over years, making a liver transplant necessary.
In such failures, liver cells are gradually destroyed, the liver shrinks, and irregular nodules (cirrhotic structure) form on it. When it reaches the final stage, toxic substances accumulate in the body, blood clotting is impaired, and multiple organ functions are affected.
The most common causes of chronic liver failure are:
• Chronic Hepatitis B and C infections
• Alcohol-related liver damage
• Autoimmune liver diseases (e.g., autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis)
• Bile duct diseases
• Genetic and metabolic diseases (Wilson's disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, hemochromatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - NASH)
• Vascular disorders (e.g., Budd-Chiari syndrome)
• Cirrhosis of unknown cause (cryptogenic cirrhosis)
In these diseases, the liver's capacity to repair itself is lost. The disease can lead to serious consequences such as fluid accumulation in the abdomen, variceal bleeding, jaundice, and coma. At this point, a liver transplant is the only treatment option that saves the patient's life.
Since chronic liver failure is slow-progressing, symptoms are usually noticed in advanced stages. However, there are some findings that need attention even in the early stages of the disease.
The most common symptoms:
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Dark-colored urine, gray or clay-colored stool
• Fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites)
• Swelling in the legs and/or body (edema)
• Nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, and feeling of weakness
• Extreme fatigue, weakness, and muscle wasting
• Easy bruising on the body, excessive bleeding from small wounds, nose and gum bleeds
• Black stool (melena) and vomiting blood (hematemesis)
• Drowsiness, hand tremors, confusion, or coma (encephalopathy)
• Insomnia, slowing of perception and expression, euphoria or depression in mood
• Itchy skin, redness in palms, spider-web shaped red spots (spider nevi)
• Breast enlargement in men, loss of body hair, decreased sexual function
• Menstrual irregularities in women, sexual dysfunction, or menopause
• Wasting of facial and body muscles (sign of chronic malnutrition)
In advanced cases, life-threatening complications such as hepatic coma (encephalopathy) and vomiting blood can be seen. At this stage, a liver transplant is the only way to extend the patient's life expectancy and improve their quality of life.
A liver transplant is a life-saving treatment for life-threatening conditions such as cirrhosis and acute or chronic liver failure. However, not every patient is a suitable candidate for this procedure.
The transplant candidate must be in a physical condition to withstand the surgery, be able to use immunosuppressive drugs regularly, not miss check-ups, and avoid habits that could harm the liver.
Some medical and behavioral conditions are considered contraindications for liver transplant (situations where transplant cannot be performed) as they seriously reduce transplant success.
Liver transplant is not performed in the following situations:
• Active alcohol or substance use: The risk of the liver being damaged again after transplant is very high in patients with ongoing alcohol addiction or substance use.
• HIV (AIDS) infection: Advanced HIV infection weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of post-operative infection.
• Advanced heart or lung disease: Conditions such as heart failure, advanced COPD, or pulmonary hypertension prevent the safe performance of the surgery.
• Massive liver failure and brain edema: In cases of massive liver failure with very severe brain edema, the surgical risk is fatal, so transplant is not performed.
• Cancer that has spread outside the liver (metastatic): Transplant is not performed because the risk of cancer recurrence after transplant is very high.
• Active, uncontrolled infections: Untreated systemic infections can cause post-transplant complications, so the transplant is postponed or cannot be performed.
• Severe psychiatric illnesses: Transplant is not considered appropriate in diseases such as schizophrenia, severe depression, bipolar disorder, because medication compliance cannot be ensured.
• Severe, irreversible systemic diseases: Diseases such as advanced kidney failure, uncontrolled diabetes, terminal cancer are outside the indication for transplant as they shorten life expectancy.
• Severe pulmonary hypertension: If the mean pulmonary artery pressure is above 50 mmHg, the surgical risk becomes fatal.
• Diseases that limit life expectancy in the short term: Transplant is not suitable in cases of multiple organ failure, such as cardiovascular system, nervous system, or blood diseases.
• Untreatable infectious diseases: Infections that cannot be controlled, such as hepatitis, sepsis, or tuberculosis, constitute a contraindication for transplant.
The presence of such conditions, the patient's general health status, and psychosocial suitability are evaluated multidisciplinary by the Liver Transplant Center team. The aim is to ensure the highest success rate and long-term healthy life in patients undergoing transplant.
A liver transplant can only be performed with healthy liver tissues obtained from voluntary individuals who meet specific health and compatibility criteria.
It is essential that the donor has the physiological structure to tolerate the surgery, has normal liver functions, and gives the donation decision of their own free will.
Individuals who do not meet these criteria cannot be liver donors.
Individuals who cannot be liver donors are:
• Persons not making the donation of their own free will (those donating under pressure or unwillingly)
• Individuals under 18 years of age
• Persons over 60 years of age (due to reduced regeneration capacity)
• Persons with a kinship degree beyond the 4th degree (ethical committee approval must be obtained for kinship degrees after the 4th degree).
• Persons with blood group incompatibility with the recipient
• Overweight (obese) individuals
• Persons with abnormal liver structure or function
• Individuals whose liver anatomy is not suitable for surgery
• Persons with advanced disease in vital organs such as heart, lung, kidney
• Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, or HIV positive individuals
• Those carrying an active infection or systemic disease
• Individuals with psychiatric disorders or conditions affecting mental decision-making
• Individuals with alcohol or substance addiction
• Women during pregnancy
• Individuals with diseases that increase surgical risk, such as uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, or metabolic syndrome
Donor suitability is usually determined by a detailed medical evaluation lasting 2-3 days by the expert team at the Liver Transplant Center.
During this process, laboratory, imaging, and psychological tests are applied to ensure the safety of both the donor and the recipient at the highest level.
A liver transplant can carry risks depending on the stage of the disease and the patient's general condition. A liver transplant is a very comprehensive operation where the largest blood vessels in the body are cut and reconnected. Therefore, complications such as bleeding, clotting disorders, or the transplanted liver not functioning sufficiently can develop.
Additionally, immunosuppressive drugs used after the transplant can increase the risk of infection. Despite all these factors, transplants performed by experienced teams have high success rates, and patients can return to a healthy life.
Blood group compatibility between the recipient and the donor is one of the basic conditions for a successful liver transplant. Usually, exact matching of blood groups is preferred; however, in some cases, individuals with blood group 0 (zero) can donate a liver to other groups. This blood compatibility assessment done before the transplant reduces the risk of organ rejection and increases the safety of the operation.
Liver Transplant Blood Group Matching Table
| Blood Group | Can Receive From | Which Blood Group Can I Donate To? |
| 0 | 0 | 0 - A - B - AB |
| A | 0 - A | A - AB |
| B | 0 - B | B - AB |
| A-B | 0 - A - B - AB | AB |
The donor being Rh (+) or Rh (-) has no clinical significance for liver transplantation.
A liver transplant is performed by transplanting healthy liver tissue taken from a living donor or a cadaver (donor with brain death) in place of the patient's damaged liver.
Cadaveric liver transplant is the method where the liver taken from individuals who have donated organs and have been diagnosed with brain death is used. Due to the limited number of donations, many patients are placed on a waiting list. If the patient's turn has not come, a life-saving intervention can be performed with a living donor liver transplant from close relatives with a suitable blood group.
In living donor transplants, a portion of the donor's liver is taken (usually the right or left lobe) and transplanted according to the recipient's body measurements. The donor's liver regenerates and reaches its normal size in the weeks following the surgery.
On the day of the surgery, both the donor and the recipient are operated on simultaneously in different operating rooms. The liver piece taken from the donor is placed in the position of the patient's removed liver, and the blood vessels and bile ducts are carefully connected. Living donor transplant takes an average of 8-12 hours, while cadaveric transplant takes 4-6 hours.
After the transplant, the patient is monitored in the intensive care unit for a while, then receives treatment in the hospital for 7-10 days. During this period, they are carefully monitored for infection, clotting disorders, and organ rejection risk.
Yeditepe University Hospitals have high success rates in both living donor liver transplant and cadaveric liver transplant applications. With its experienced surgical team and multidisciplinary medical infrastructure, it restores a healthy life to many patients with results above world standards.
Liver transplant is one of the topics most frequently wondered about by patients. Liver transplant surgeries performed at Yeditepe University Hospitals are covered by SGK (Social Security Institution) and no additional fee is charged from patients.
A liver transplant is a life-saving treatment option when the liver cannot continue its functions. The need for a transplant usually arises in cases of acute (sudden onset) or chronic (slowly progressing) liver failure.
Main conditions requiring transplant:
• Acute liver failure: Develops in a short time as a result of mushroom poisoning, toxic effects of some drugs, or viral infections and may require an emergency transplant.
• Chronic liver failure: Usually develops due to cirrhosis, Hepatitis B and C, bile duct diseases, genetic and metabolic disorders (e.g., Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis), or excessive alcohol use.
• Liver tumors: Some types of cancer originating in the liver itself or spreading from another organ may require a transplant.
In these diseases, the liver becomes unable to regenerate itself and loses its functions. In this case, a liver transplant is the only way to extend the patient's life expectancy and improve their quality of life.
Chronic end-stage liver disease is an advanced stage liver failure condition where the liver tissue is permanently damaged and can no longer perform its functions. It usually occurs due to causes such as cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, or metabolic liver diseases.
At this stage, healthy liver cells are replaced by scar (fibrotic) tissue, and the organ's regeneration capacity decreases. Patients may experience serious symptoms such as jaundice, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), variceal bleeding, clotting disorders, and encephalopathy (confusion).
Since it is not possible for the liver to regain its functions in this condition, liver transplant becomes the only treatment option.
The main situations where a liver transplant cannot be performed are:
• Active alcohol or substance use
• Advanced stage heart or lung disease
• HIV infection or uncontrolled systemic infections
• Cancer that has spread outside the liver (metastasis)
• Severe psychiatric disorders or treatment non-compliance
• Massive brain edema or multiple organ failure
• Severe pulmonary hypertension (high lung pressure)
In these situations, the patient's general condition cannot withstand a liver transplant, so underlying diseases must first be brought under control. If suitable conditions are provided, the transplant can be re-evaluated.
The duration of a liver transplant surgery varies depending on whether the transplant is from a living donor or a cadaver. Living donor liver transplant usually takes 8-16 hours, while the donor surgery takes 4-6 hours. If organ incompatibility or an unexpected situation arises during the surgery, the procedure may be postponed or canceled.
Both the recipient and the donor are evaluated in detail before a liver transplant. Blood group compatibility is the first condition. The donor's liver must be of normal structure and sufficient size. Additionally, there should be no psychiatric illness, infectious disease, or any condition that would risk the surgery. Most importantly, the donor must give the decision completely of their own free will.
After all necessary tests are completed, the results are evaluated by a multidisciplinary team. This team includes surgeons, doctors, radiologists, anesthesiologists, psychiatrists, nurse coordinators, and relevant consultant physicians. The decision is never made individually; it is always determined by team decision and with the donor's health prioritized.
No, a cirrhotic liver cannot regenerate itself. Cirrhosis is a disease where the liver tissue is permanently damaged and healthy cells are replaced by scar (fibrotic) tissue. At this stage, the liver's regeneration capacity is completely lost.
• The donor must make the donation of their own free will.
• The donor must be over 18 years of age.
• The donor must be a relative up to the 4th degree.
• The donor and recipient's blood groups must match.*
• The donor's liver structure and function and other systems must be normal.
• The donor's liver anatomy must be suitable for both the recipient and themselves.
• The suitability of the conditions above and other technical points is determined by our transplant team during the pre-transplant donor evaluation, which usually lasts 2-3 days.
Yes, to be a liver donor, one must be over 18 years old and under 60 years old. This age range covers the period when the liver's regeneration capacity and post-operative recovery process are most optimal.
No, the donor does not necessarily have to be a relative. However, in our country, primarily relatives up to the 4th degree can be donors. For individuals without a kinship bond to be donors, the situation must be evaluated and approved by the Ministry of Health Ethics Committee.
No, tissue compatibility is not required in liver transplant. What is essential in these surgeries is blood group compatibility and the organ size being suitable for the recipient. Tissue compatibility is not a determining factor in liver transplants.
The MELD score (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) is a scoring system that shows the severity of liver failure. This score is calculated from the results of laboratory tests such as bilirubin, INR (clotting value), and creatinine. As the score increases, it is understood that the disease is progressing and the need for transplant is increasing.
Usually, those with a MELD score of 10 and above are considered liver transplant candidates. Patients with a score of 15 and above can be placed on the national cadaver waiting list. This system helps determine how urgent the disease is and ensures a fair ranking in organ distribution.
No, diabetics (diabetes patients) cannot be liver donors.
Because diabetes can negatively affect liver, kidney, and vascular health and increase the risk of post-operative complications.
No, individuals carrying Hepatitis B or C cannot be liver donors.
These infections can lead to permanent damage in the liver and risk of transmission, constituting an absolute obstacle for donation.
Living donor liver transplant allows for a transplant to be performed quickly without going on a waiting list.
Since the number of cadaver donors is low in our country, this method allows patients to get a transplant chance before their condition worsens and increases the success rate.
No, living donors do not carry a long-term risk of liver disease.
The liver is the only organ that can regenerate itself, and the removed portion reaches its original size in approximately 3 months. In healthy individuals, no long-term functional loss or disease risk is expected.
Usually, 25% to 60% of the donor's liver is taken.
This ratio can vary depending on the age, weight of the recipient and donor, and the anatomical structure of the liver. In pediatric patients, often a small part of the left lobe (25%) is taken, while in adult patients, the right half (60%) or left half (40%) of the liver is transplanted.
Comprehensive tests are performed on the liver donor candidate to evaluate both their general health status and the suitability of the liver for transplant.
These examinations include:
• Blood and urine tests
• Liver function tests
• Tumor markers
• Viral hepatitis (A, B, C) and AIDS tests
• Chest X-ray and heart ECG (echocardiography if needed)
• Abdominal ultrasonography
• Computed tomography (CT) for liver volume measurement
• MR cholangiography to examine the bile ducts
• Cardiology, psychiatry, chest diseases, and (for female donors) gynecology consultations
If deemed necessary, additional tests and branch evaluations are also performed.
Karaciğer vericisi adayına, hem genel sağlık durumunu hem de karaciğerin nakil için uygunluğunu değerlendirmek amacıyla kapsamlı tetkikler yapılır.
Bu incelemeler şunları kapsar:
Gerekli görülen durumlarda, ek testler ve branş değerlendirmeleri de yapılır.
Kan grubu ve biyokimyasal testlerle başlayan hazırlık süreci, radyolojik görüntülemeler ve branş konsültasyonlarıyla birlikte bunların gerektirdiği ek tetkiklerle devam eder.
Bu süreçte amaç, karaciğer hastalığının nakil gerektirecek düzeyde ciddi olduğunu ve diğer vücut sistemlerinin bu ameliyatı atlatabilecek kadar sağlıklı olduğunu ortaya koymaktır.
Karaciğer nakli adayları, öncelikle konsey değerlendirmesi sonrası uygun bulunursa Sağlık Bakanlığı kadavra listesine eklenir.
Canlı bağışçısı olmayan hastalar, beyin ölümü gerçekleşmiş donörlerden sağlanacak karaciğeri bekler.
Liste sırası; kan grubu, doku uyumu, tıbbi aciliyet ve MELD skoru gibi kriterlere göre belirlenir. MELD skoru yükseldikçe, hastanın liste önceliği ve nakil şansı da artar.
Karaciğer nakli için; sizi takip eden hekim ve nakil merkezi tarafından nakil endikasyonu konulduysa,
en yakın veya ulaşabileceğiniz tercih ettiğiniz nakil merkezine başvurmanız gerekir.
Burada yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda uygun bulunursanız, kadavra bekleme listesine kaydınız yapılır.
Nakil merkezi seçerken; merkezin yıllık nakil sayısı, başarı oranı, ve ameliyat sonrası komplikasyon sıklığı gibi veriler dikkatle incelenmelidir Ayrıca merkezin deneyimli bir cerrahi ekibe ve multidisipliner altyapıya sahip olması, sürecin güvenliği ve başarısı açısından büyük önem taşır.
İlk 3 ay en hassas dönemdir. Hastanede öğrendiğiniz bakım kurallarını evde aynı disiplinle sürdürün. Duygu durum dalgalanmaları normaldir; aile desteği önemlidir. Herhangi bir soruda nakil ekibinizle iletişime geçebilirsiniz.
Tamamen kaçının. Küçük miktarlar bile nakil karaciğerinde ciddi hasar yapabilir.
Kesinlikle bırakın. Enfeksiyon, kanser, kalp-damar ve yara iyileşmesi risklerini artırır.
Uyarı: Bu bilgiler genel bilgilendirme amaçlıdır; kendi durumunuz için nakil ekibinizin önerileri esastır.
Nakil sonrasında ideal kiloyu korumak önemlidir. Beslenme planınız doktor ve diyetisyen kontrolünde, kişisel ihtiyaçlarınıza göre düzenlenmelidir.
Kilonuzu ve kan şekerinizi dengelemek için diyetiniz şunları içermelidir:
Yağlı gıdalardan ve aşırı proteinden kaçının. Kızartma yerine haşlama, fırın veya ızgara tercih edin.
Her gün tartılın; ani kilo artışı sıvı tutulumuna işaret edebilir.
Şekerli gıdalardan uzak durun. Kek, bisküvi ve abur cuburlar yerine taze meyve veya düşük kalorili sebzeler tüketin.
Günde ortalama 2 litre sıvı alın.
Su en iyi tercihtir; ayrıca az yağlı pastörize süt, doğal meyve suyu ve bitki çayları da uygundur.
Meyve ve sebzeleri iyice yıkayıp soyun. Çiğ tüketilecek ürünlerin temizliğine özellikle dikkat edin.
Patates gibi toprakta yetişen sebzeleri soyup kaynayan suda haşlayın.
Düdüklü tencere veya buharda pişirme yöntemleri vitamin kaybını önler.
Süt, yoğurt, peynir gibi ürünleri pastörize ve taze tüketin.
Pastörize olmayan sütten yapılmış veya küflü peynirlerden kaçının.
Tuz alımını sınırlayın. Kortizon tedavisi görenlerde fazla tuz ödem ve yüksek tansiyon riskini artırabilir.
Yağ ve süt ürünlerini küçük miktarlarda satın alın.
Böylece tazelik korunur ve bozulmuş gıdaların tüketimi önlenir.
Alkol kesinlikle kullanılmamalıdır. Nakil yapılan karaciğer alkolün etkilerine karşı daha hassastır.
Aşırı kilo alımı veya iştahsızlık durumunda diyetisyeninize danışın; gerekirse beslenme planı yeniden düzenlenmelidir.
Karaciğer nakli sonrasında kullanılan ilaçların yan etkilerinden biri kan şekerinin yükselmesidir.
Bu durum bazı hastalarda geçici, bazılarında ise kalıcı (diyabet) olabilir.
Bu nedenle şeker yüksekliği yaşayan hastalar, aşırı kilo almamaya ve düzenli diyet uygulamaya özen göstermelidir.
Dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalar
Vücudun bağışıklık sistemi kendi hücrelerini tanır, ancak başka bir kişiden alınan organı yabancı olarak algılar ve ona karşı savunma geliştirir. Nakledilen organa karşı gelişen bu tepkiye doku reddi (rejeksiyon) denir.
Karaciğer naklinden sonra doku reddini önlemek için hastalara bağışıklık baskılayıcı ilaçlar (immünsüpresanlar) verilir. Bu ilaçlar, bağışıklık sisteminin yeni karaciğere zarar vermesini engeller. Buna rağmen bazen hafif düzeyde doku reddi gelişebilir; bu durum genellikle erken fark edilip tedavi edildiğinde kontrol altına alınır ve karaciğer işlevleri normale döner.
Evet. Karaciğer nakli yapılan hastalar, tıpkı diğer organ nakli hastalarında olduğu gibi ömür boyu bağışıklık sistemini baskılayan ilaçlar (immünsüpresanlar) kullanmak zorundadır.
Bu ilaçlar, vücudun nakledilen karaciğeri yabancı olarak algılayıp reddetmesini engeller.
Karaciğer vericileri için takip süreci daha kısadır.
Karaciğer naklinin temel amacı, hastalıklı bireyin yeniden sağlıklı bir yaşama kavuşmasıdır.
Tıbbi kurallara uyulduğu sürece, sosyal ve çalışma hayatına dönüş mümkündür.
Karaciğer nakli sonrası 1 yıllık yaşam oranı %90–95, 5 yıllık yaşam oranı %75, 10 yıl ve üzeri yaşam oranı ise %60 civarındadır.
Genel olarak, tecrübeli bir ekip tarafından gerçekleştirilen başarılı bir karaciğer nakli sonrasında, hastaların yaklaşık %75’inde yaşam süresinin beş yılın üzerinde olduğu görülür. Ayrıca hastanın genel sağlık durumu, eşlik eden diğer hastalıklar ve bireysel faktörler yaşam süresinde farklılıklara neden olabilir.
İlaç veya dışarıdan sıvı verebilmek amacı ile 1 veya 2 adet damar yolunuz olabilir.
Bu damar yollarından biri size ağrı kesici vermek için kullanılır. Ayrıca böbrek fonksiyonlarını takip edebilmek için mesanenize bir sonda yerleştirilir.
Karnınıza 1 veya 2 adet küçük drenaj tüpü yerleştirilir. Damar yolu, idrar sondası 3–4 gün içerisinde, karnınızdaki drenaj tüpü ise 6–7 gün içinde çıkarılır.
Vericilerin hastanede kalış süresi 7 ila 10 gün arasındadır.
Ameliyat kesisi genellikle “J” şeklinde veya “Mercedes” tipi denilen büyük bir kesidir.
Karaciğer vericisi ameliyatında yaşam kaybı riski %0,5’in altındadır ve oldukça düşüktür.
Nadir görülen komplikasyonlar arasında safra kaçağı ve kanama yer alabilir.
Bunlar gerektiğinde ek cerrahi müdahale veya kan transfüzyonu gerektirebilir.
Ayrıca diğer ameliyatlarda olduğu gibi yara enfeksiyonu, gaz sancısı, kabızlık ve anesteziye bağlı mide bulantısı gibi geçici yan etkiler de görülebilir.
Karaciğerin yenilenme özelliği sayesinde, vericide alınan kısmın genellikle 6 hafta içinde normale döndüğü bilinmektedir.
Evet. Karaciğer vericilerinde, özellikle sağ lob ameliyatlarında safra kesesi çıkarılır.
Çıkarılan safra kesesi alıcıya takılmaz, patolojiye gönderilir. Ne alıcı ne de verici için safra kesesi hayati bir organ değildir ve alınması ileride herhangi bir eksikliğe neden olmaz.
Evet. Ameliyat sonrası 2–3 hafta boyunca nakil merkezimize yakın bir yerde kalmanız gerekir.Olası bir problem durumunda merkezimize hızla geri dönebilmeniz önemlidir.Şehir dışından gelen hastalar için, bir yakının refakatçi olarak eşlik etmesi tavsiye edilir.
Çoğu vakada kesi kısa sürede iyileşir ve zamanla belirginliği azalır.Ancak tamamen kaybolmaz, her zaman hafif de olsa görünür bir iz kalır.Eğer yara enfekte olursa, iz daha geniş ve belirgin hale gelebilir.
Evet. Erkek vericiler için çocuk sahibi olmanın bir kısıtlaması yoktur. Kadın vericilerde ise gebelik öncesi en az 1 yıl beklenmesi önerilir.
Çocuklarda karaciğer nakli, ilaç tedavisiyle iyileştirilemeyen karaciğer hastalıklarında yaşam kurtarıcı bir tedavi yöntemidir. Ancak yüksek riskli bir işlemdir ve ömür boyu ilaç kullanımı ile düzenli takip gerektirir. Başarılı bir nakil için, doğru hasta seçimi, zamanlamanın doğru belirlenmesi ve deneyimli bir ekip tarafından yapılan ameliyat büyük önem taşır.
Nakil uygulanan durumlar:
Nakil öncesi hazırlık:
Çocuklar; enfeksiyon, kalp, akciğer, böbrek ve nörolojik açıdan detaylı incelenir. Beslenme ve aşı durumu değerlendirilir, eksiklikler tamamlanır. Gönüllü verici adayları, kan ve görüntüleme testlerinden geçer; sağlık, yaş (18–60), gönüllülük ve uygunluk kriterleri değerlendirilir.
Nakil sonrası süreç:
Ameliyattan sonra çocuk genellikle 1 hafta yoğun bakımda, ardından 2–8 hafta servis takibinde kalır. Taburcu sonrası düzenli kan testleri ve poliklinik kontrolleri, uzun dönem başarı ve yaşam kalitesi için zorunludur.
Hayır. Karaciğerinizin bir bölümünü bir kez bağışladıktan sonra, ikinci kez bağış yapmanız mümkün değildir.
Nakil sonrası en az 4 hafta, tercihen 8–12 hafta boyunca yurt dışı seyahati planlamamanız önerilir. Evinize dönmek istiyorsanız ve bulunduğunuz şehirde nakil sonrası takip yapabilecek bir hekim varsa, kendinizi iyi hissetmeniz durumunda 2–4 hafta sonra dönebilirsiniz. Ancak en ufak bir komplikasyon şüphesinde, değerlendirme ve tedavi için nakil merkezine çağrılabilirsiniz.
Genellikle 12. haftadan sonra hastalar istedikleri yere güvenle seyahat edebilir.
Evet. Malulen emeklilik karaciğer nakli sonrası mümkündür.
This content was prepared by Yeditepe University Hospitals Medical Editorial Board.
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Alo Yeditepe
